Indonesia terus berupaya menarik Investasi Apple dari perusahaan teknologi besar seperti Apple. Salah satu strategi yang diandalkan adalah penerapan aturan Tingkat Komponen Dalam Negeri (TKDN). Namun, apakah kebijakan ini cukup efektif dalam mendongkrak investasi dan memperkuat daya saing ekonomi Indonesia? Ekonom LPEM FEB UI, Teuku Riefky, memberikan analisis mendalam mengenai hal ini.
Apa Itu TKDN dan Mengapa Diterapkan?
Domestic Component Level (TKDN) adalah kebijakan yang mengharuskan produk atau layanan yang dijual di Indonesia memiliki persentase tertentu dari komponen lokal. Kebijakan ini bertujuan untuk:
- Mendorong penggunaan produk dalam negeri.
- Mengurangi ketergantungan pada impor.
- Meningkatkan daya saing industri lokal.
Namun, kebijakan ini bukan hal baru. Negara-negara maju seperti Amerika Serikat, Inggris, dan Jerman juga menerapkan kebijakan serupa. Sayangnya, negara-negara berkembang seperti India, Vietnam, dan Malaysia sudah mulai meninggalkan pendekatan ini demi strategi yang lebih berorientasi pada pasar global.
Mengapa TKDN Dinilai Distortif?
Menurut Teuku Riefky, kebijakan TKDN memiliki sifat yang distortif karena memaksa integrasi komponen lokal dalam produk impor tanpa mempertimbangkan mekanisme pasar. Dalam acara Seluler Business Forum di Jakarta (5/12/2024), ia menyatakan bahwa pendekatan ini cenderung melewati mekanisme pasar yang alami.
“Kebijakan ini cenderung memaksa, artinya barang impor harus mengintegrasikan sekian persen komponen domestik. Dengan begitu, mekanisme pasar di-bypass,” ujar Teuku.
Ia mencontohkan beberapa negara seperti Vietnam, Singapura, Malaysia, dan Taiwan yang memiliki tingkat integrasi komponen lokal tinggi. Hal tersebut terjadi bukan karena kebijakan semacam TKDN, melainkan karena produk lokal mereka sudah kompetitif di pasar global.
Also Read: Positive Signals of iPhone 16 Presence in Indonesia
Masalah Daya Saing Produk Lokal
Salah satu kritik utama terhadap kebijakan TKDN adalah ketidakmampuan untuk mengukur daya saing produk lokal. Teuku menyoroti bahwa negara-negara yang sudah meninggalkan TKDN memiliki alasan kuat, yaitu:
- Tidak Transparan: Kebijakan TKDN menyulitkan untuk mengukur seberapa kompetitif produk lokal di pasar global.
- Kurangnya Feedback: Dengan adanya TKDN, industri lokal tidak mendapatkan umpan balik yang cukup untuk meningkatkan kualitas produk mereka.
“Jika komponen lokal hanya dipaksakan tanpa daya saing yang jelas, kita tidak tahu sejauh mana produk kita diminati di pasar global. Feedback dari pasar menjadi kabur karena kebijakan ini,” tambahnya.
Solusi Alternatif untuk Menarik Investasi
Menurut Teuku, Indonesia perlu beralih ke pendekatan yang lebih berbasis mekanisme pasar untuk menarik investasi. Beberapa langkah yang dapat diambil adalah:
- Meningkatkan Daya Saing Komponen Lokal
- Fokus pada inovasi dan kualitas produk lokal agar mampu bersaing secara alami di pasar global.
- Menciptakan Ekosistem Investasi yang Kondusif
- Memberikan insentif pajak dan kemudahan regulasi bagi investor asing.
- Meningkatkan infrastruktur dan akses ke sumber daya manusia berkualitas.
- Mendorong Kolaborasi dengan Industri Global
- Menggandeng perusahaan multinasional seperti Apple untuk bekerja sama dengan mitra lokal, bukan hanya melalui aturan wajib seperti TKDN.
Kesimpulan Investasi Apple
Aturan TKDN memang memiliki tujuan baik untuk mendorong industri dalam negeri. Namun, efektivitasnya dalam menarik investasi seperti Apple masih dipertanyakan. Indonesia perlu fokus pada peningkatan daya saing produk lokal dan menciptakan ekosistem investasi yang lebih ramah pasar. Dengan begitu, daya tarik Investasi Apple tidak hanya mengandalkan aturan yang sifatnya memaksa, tetapi pada potensi dan kualitas yang nyata.
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